3D printing of photocurable cellulose nanocrystal composite for fabrication of complex architectures via stereolithography

The advantages of 3D printing on cost, speed, accuracy, and flexibility have attracted several new applications in various industries especially in the field of medicine where customized solutions are highly demanded. Although this modern fabrication technique offers several benefits, it also poses critical challenges in materialsdevelopment suitable for industry use. Proliferation of polymers in biomedical application has been severely limited by their inherently weak mechanical propertiesdespite their other excellent attributes. Earlier works on 3D printing of polymers focus mainly on biocompatibility and cellular viability and lack a close attention to producerobust specimens. Prized for superior mechanical strength and inherent stiffness,cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) from abaca plant is incorporated to provide the necessarytoughness for 3D printable biopolymer. Hence, this work demonstrates 3D printing of CNC-filled biomaterial with significant improvement in mechanical and surface properties. These findings may potentially pave the way for an alternative option in providing innovative and cost-effective patient-specific solutions to various fields in medical industry. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first successful demonstration of 3D printing of CNC nanocomposite hydrogel via stereolithography (SL) forming a complex architecture with enhanced material properties potentially suited for tissue engineering