TY - JOUR
T1 - Another example of conditioned taste aversion
T2 - Case of snails
AU - Nakai, Junko
AU - Totani, Yuki
AU - Hatakeyama, Dai
AU - Dyakonova, Varvara E.
AU - Ito, Etsuro
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This work was partly supported by a Waseda University Early Bird Project (BD070Z003200) to Y.T.; and Waseda University Grants for Special Research Projects (2018K-141 and 2020C-135) to E.I.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2020/12
Y1 - 2020/12
N2 - Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.
AB - Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.
KW - Conditioned taste aversion
KW - Insulin
KW - Long-delay learning
KW - Lymnaea stagnalis
KW - Selective associability
KW - Single-trial learning
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U2 - 10.3390/biology9120422
DO - 10.3390/biology9120422
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85096685093
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 14
JO - Biology
JF - Biology
SN - 2079-7737
IS - 12
M1 - 422
ER -