Conversion of aminoacylation specificity from tRNA^Tyr to tRNA^Ser in vitro

The discrimination mechanism between tRNA^Ser and tRNA^Tyr was studied using various in vitro transcripts of E. coli tRNA^Tyr variants. The insertion of only two nucleotldes into the variable stem of tRNA^Tyr generates serine charging activity. The acceptor activities of some of the tRNA^Tyr mutants with insertions in the long variable arm were enhanced by changes in nucleotides at positions 9 and/or 20B, which are possible elements for dictating the orientation of the long variable arm. These findings suggest that the long variable arm is involved in recognition by seryl-tRNA synthetase in spite of sequence and length variations shown within tRNA^Ser isoacceptors, and eventually serves as a determinant for selection from other tRNA species. Changing the anticodon from GUA to the serine anticodon GGA resulted in a marked decrease in tyrosine charging activity, but this mutant did not show any serine charging activity. The discriminator base, the fourth base from the 3′ end of tRNA, was also Important for aminoacylation with tyrosine. Complete specificity change in vitro was facilitated by insertion of three nucleotides into the variable arm plus two nucleotide changes at positions 9 and 73.