Exploring the use of light and display indicators for communicating directional intent

Legible robot behavior is a key element for smooth and efficient navigation among humans. However, at present, even the state-of-the-art robots cannot communicate its internal state of directional intent by displaying human-like non-verbal cues. In this paper, we explore various modes for communicating directional intent of a robot across three different scenarios as a means of overcoming the shortcomings of the robot's non-verbal communication abilities. Specifically, we look into turn indicators, display indicators, and their combinations with sound and investigate their effectiveness across different passing scenarios. Our study shows us that using auxiliary communicating methods significantly improves the perceived feelings of our dependent measures. Further, communicating intention also helps in improving cooperation. However, the effectiveness greatly varies with the modes and the passing scenarios. In the case of 90 degrees crossing scenario, even though participants have positive perceived feelings, this does not necessarily translate into smooth and efficient navigation.