Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)

Kazuhiro Nakazawa; Goro Sato; Motohide Kokubun; Teruaki Enoto; Yasushi Fukazawa; Kouichi Hagino; Katsuhiro Hayashi; Jun Kataoka; Junichiro Katsuta; Shogo B. Kobayashi; Philippe Laurent; Francois Lebrun; Olivier Limousin; Daniel Maier; Kazuo Makishima; Tsunefumi Mizuno; Kunishiro Mori; Takeshi Nakamori; Toshio Nakano; Hirofumi Noda; Hirokazu Odaka; Masanori Ohno; Masayuki Ohta; Shinya Saito; Rie Sato; Hiroyasu Tajima; Hiromitsu Takahashi; Tadayuki Takahashi; Shin'ichiro Takeda; Takaaki Tanaka; Yukikatsu Terada; Hideki Uchiyama; Asunobu Uchiyama; Shin Watanabe; Kazutaka Yamaoka; Yoichi Yatsu; Takayuki Yuasa

doi:10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410

Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)

Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Goro Sato, Motohide Kokubun, Teruaki Enoto, Yasushi Fukazawa, Kouichi Hagino, Katsuhiro Hayashi, Jun Kataoka, Junichiro Katsuta, Shogo B. Kobayashi, Philippe Laurent, Francois Lebrun, Olivier Limousin, Daniel Maier, Kazuo Makishima, Tsunefumi Mizuno, Kunishiro Mori, Takeshi Nakamori, Toshio Nakano, Hirofumi NodaHirokazu Odaka, Masanori Ohno, Masayuki Ohta, Shinya Saito, Rie Sato, Hiroyasu Tajima, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Tadayuki Takahashi, Shin'ichiro Takeda, Takaaki Tanaka, Yukikatsu Terada, Hideki Uchiyama, Asunobu Uchiyama, Shin Watanabe, Kazutaka Yamaoka, Yoichi Yatsu, Takayuki Yuasa

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

16 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The hard x-ray imaging spectroscopy system of "Hitomi" x-ray observatory is composed of two sets of hard x-ray imagers (HXI) coupled with hard x-ray telescopes (HXT). With a 12-m focal length, the system provides fine (10:7 half-power diameter) imaging spectroscopy covering about 5 to 80 keV. The HXI sensor consists of a camera, which is composed of four layers of Si and one layer of CdTe semiconductor imagers, and an active shield composed of nine Bi₄Ge₃O₁₂ scintillators to provide low background. The two HXIs started observation on March 8 and 14, 2016 and were operational until 26 March. Using a Crab observation, 5 to 80 keV energy coverage and good detection efficiency were confirmed. The detector background level of 1 to 3 × 10^-4 counts s^?1 keV^?1 cm^?2 (in detector geometrical area) at 5 to 80 keV was achieved, by cutting the high-background time-intervals, adopting sophisticated energy-dependent imager layer selection, and baffling of the cosmic x-ray background and active-shielding. This level is among the lowest of detectors working in this energy band. By comparing the effective area and the background, it was shown that the HXI had a sensitivity that is same to that of NuSTAR for point sources and 3 to 4 times better for largely extended diffuse sources.

Original language	English
Article number	21410
Journal	Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
Volume	4
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410
Publication status	Published - 2018 Apr 1

Keywords

astronomy.
detectors
gamma rays
satellites
x-rays

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Control and Systems Engineering
Instrumentation
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Mechanical Engineering
Space and Planetary Science

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10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410

Cite this

Nakazawa, K., Sato, G., Kokubun, M., Enoto, T., Fukazawa, Y., Hagino, K., Hayashi, K., Kataoka, J., Katsuta, J., Kobayashi, S. B., Laurent, P., Lebrun, F., Limousin, O., Maier, D., Makishima, K., Mizuno, T., Mori, K., Nakamori, T., Nakano, T., ... Yuasa, T. (2018). Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H). Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, 4(2), [21410]. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410

Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H). / Nakazawa, Kazuhiro; Sato, Goro; Kokubun, Motohide; Enoto, Teruaki; Fukazawa, Yasushi; Hagino, Kouichi; Hayashi, Katsuhiro; Kataoka, Jun; Katsuta, Junichiro; Kobayashi, Shogo B.; Laurent, Philippe; Lebrun, Francois; Limousin, Olivier; Maier, Daniel; Makishima, Kazuo; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Mori, Kunishiro; Nakamori, Takeshi; Nakano, Toshio; Noda, Hirofumi; Odaka, Hirokazu; Ohno, Masanori; Ohta, Masayuki; Saito, Shinya; Sato, Rie; Tajima, Hiroyasu; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Takahashi, Tadayuki; Takeda, Shin'ichiro; Tanaka, Takaaki; Terada, Yukikatsu; Uchiyama, Hideki; Uchiyama, Asunobu; Watanabe, Shin; Yamaoka, Kazutaka; Yatsu, Yoichi; Yuasa, Takayuki.

In: Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, Vol. 4, No. 2, 21410, 01.04.2018.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Nakazawa, K, Sato, G, Kokubun, M, Enoto, T, Fukazawa, Y, Hagino, K, Hayashi, K, Kataoka, J, Katsuta, J, Kobayashi, SB, Laurent, P, Lebrun, F, Limousin, O, Maier, D, Makishima, K, Mizuno, T, Mori, K, Nakamori, T, Nakano, T, Noda, H, Odaka, H, Ohno, M, Ohta, M, Saito, S, Sato, R, Tajima, H, Takahashi, H, Takahashi, T, Takeda, S, Tanaka, T, Terada, Y, Uchiyama, H, Uchiyama, A, Watanabe, S, Yamaoka, K, Yatsu, Y & Yuasa, T 2018, 'Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)', Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, vol. 4, no. 2, 21410. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410

Nakazawa, Kazuhiro ; Sato, Goro ; Kokubun, Motohide ; Enoto, Teruaki ; Fukazawa, Yasushi ; Hagino, Kouichi ; Hayashi, Katsuhiro ; Kataoka, Jun ; Katsuta, Junichiro ; Kobayashi, Shogo B. ; Laurent, Philippe ; Lebrun, Francois ; Limousin, Olivier ; Maier, Daniel ; Makishima, Kazuo ; Mizuno, Tsunefumi ; Mori, Kunishiro ; Nakamori, Takeshi ; Nakano, Toshio ; Noda, Hirofumi ; Odaka, Hirokazu ; Ohno, Masanori ; Ohta, Masayuki ; Saito, Shinya ; Sato, Rie ; Tajima, Hiroyasu ; Takahashi, Hiromitsu ; Takahashi, Tadayuki ; Takeda, Shin'ichiro ; Tanaka, Takaaki ; Terada, Yukikatsu ; Uchiyama, Hideki ; Uchiyama, Asunobu ; Watanabe, Shin ; Yamaoka, Kazutaka ; Yatsu, Yoichi ; Yuasa, Takayuki. / Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H). In: Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems. 2018 ; Vol. 4, No. 2.

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title = "Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)",

abstract = "The hard x-ray imaging spectroscopy system of {"}Hitomi{"} x-ray observatory is composed of two sets of hard x-ray imagers (HXI) coupled with hard x-ray telescopes (HXT). With a 12-m focal length, the system provides fine (10:7 half-power diameter) imaging spectroscopy covering about 5 to 80 keV. The HXI sensor consists of a camera, which is composed of four layers of Si and one layer of CdTe semiconductor imagers, and an active shield composed of nine Bi4Ge3O12 scintillators to provide low background. The two HXIs started observation on March 8 and 14, 2016 and were operational until 26 March. Using a Crab observation, 5 to 80 keV energy coverage and good detection efficiency were confirmed. The detector background level of 1 to 3 × 10-4 counts s?1 keV?1 cm?2 (in detector geometrical area) at 5 to 80 keV was achieved, by cutting the high-background time-intervals, adopting sophisticated energy-dependent imager layer selection, and baffling of the cosmic x-ray background and active-shielding. This level is among the lowest of detectors working in this energy band. By comparing the effective area and the background, it was shown that the HXI had a sensitivity that is same to that of NuSTAR for point sources and 3 to 4 times better for largely extended diffuse sources.",

keywords = "astronomy., detectors, gamma rays, satellites, x-rays",

author = "Kazuhiro Nakazawa and Goro Sato and Motohide Kokubun and Teruaki Enoto and Yasushi Fukazawa and Kouichi Hagino and Katsuhiro Hayashi and Jun Kataoka and Junichiro Katsuta and Kobayashi, {Shogo B.} and Philippe Laurent and Francois Lebrun and Olivier Limousin and Daniel Maier and Kazuo Makishima and Tsunefumi Mizuno and Kunishiro Mori and Takeshi Nakamori and Toshio Nakano and Hirofumi Noda and Hirokazu Odaka and Masanori Ohno and Masayuki Ohta and Shinya Saito and Rie Sato and Hiroyasu Tajima and Hiromitsu Takahashi and Tadayuki Takahashi and Shin'ichiro Takeda and Takaaki Tanaka and Yukikatsu Terada and Hideki Uchiyama and Asunobu Uchiyama and Shin Watanabe and Kazutaka Yamaoka and Yoichi Yatsu and Takayuki Yuasa",

note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to the whole Hitomi team; the hardware teams, the software team, as well as the operation team and the science team, for all their effort to realize the great but sadly short-lived satellite. The HXI system owes a lot to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in its manufacturing, as well. We also note that this instrument is supported by dedicated works of many graduate and some undergraduate students from universities and research institutes in Japan and France. We acknowledge support from JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI grant numbers 24105007, 15H03639, 25287059, 24244014, and the JSPS Core-to-Core Program. All U.S. members acknowledge support through the NASA Science Mission Directorate. Stanford and SLAC members acknowledge support via DoE contract to SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory DE-AC3-76SF00515 and NASA grant NNX15AM19G. The BGO crystal and HV bias suppliers are supported from ESA. French members acknowledge support from CNES, the Centre National dEtudes Spatiales. We thank contributions by many other companies, such as NEC, Hamamatsu Photonics, Acrorad, OKEN, Ideas, and SUPER RESIN. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Authors.",

year = "2018",

month = apr,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1117/1.JATIS.4.2.021410",

language = "English",

volume = "4",

journal = "Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems",

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T1 - Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)

AU - Nakazawa, Kazuhiro

AU - Sato, Goro

AU - Kokubun, Motohide

AU - Enoto, Teruaki

AU - Fukazawa, Yasushi

AU - Hagino, Kouichi

AU - Hayashi, Katsuhiro

AU - Kataoka, Jun

AU - Katsuta, Junichiro

AU - Kobayashi, Shogo B.

AU - Laurent, Philippe

AU - Lebrun, Francois

AU - Limousin, Olivier

AU - Maier, Daniel

AU - Makishima, Kazuo

AU - Mizuno, Tsunefumi

AU - Mori, Kunishiro

AU - Nakamori, Takeshi

AU - Nakano, Toshio

AU - Noda, Hirofumi

AU - Odaka, Hirokazu

AU - Ohno, Masanori

AU - Ohta, Masayuki

AU - Saito, Shinya

AU - Sato, Rie

AU - Tajima, Hiroyasu

AU - Takahashi, Hiromitsu

AU - Takahashi, Tadayuki

AU - Takeda, Shin'ichiro

AU - Tanaka, Takaaki

AU - Terada, Yukikatsu

AU - Uchiyama, Hideki

AU - Uchiyama, Asunobu

AU - Watanabe, Shin

AU - Yamaoka, Kazutaka

AU - Yatsu, Yoichi

AU - Yuasa, Takayuki

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful to the whole Hitomi team; the hardware teams, the software team, as well as the operation team and the science team, for all their effort to realize the great but sadly short-lived satellite. The HXI system owes a lot to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in its manufacturing, as well. We also note that this instrument is supported by dedicated works of many graduate and some undergraduate students from universities and research institutes in Japan and France. We acknowledge support from JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI grant numbers 24105007, 15H03639, 25287059, 24244014, and the JSPS Core-to-Core Program. All U.S. members acknowledge support through the NASA Science Mission Directorate. Stanford and SLAC members acknowledge support via DoE contract to SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory DE-AC3-76SF00515 and NASA grant NNX15AM19G. The BGO crystal and HV bias suppliers are supported from ESA. French members acknowledge support from CNES, the Centre National dEtudes Spatiales. We thank contributions by many other companies, such as NEC, Hamamatsu Photonics, Acrorad, OKEN, Ideas, and SUPER RESIN. Publisher Copyright: © The Authors.

PY - 2018/4/1

Y1 - 2018/4/1

N2 - The hard x-ray imaging spectroscopy system of "Hitomi" x-ray observatory is composed of two sets of hard x-ray imagers (HXI) coupled with hard x-ray telescopes (HXT). With a 12-m focal length, the system provides fine (10:7 half-power diameter) imaging spectroscopy covering about 5 to 80 keV. The HXI sensor consists of a camera, which is composed of four layers of Si and one layer of CdTe semiconductor imagers, and an active shield composed of nine Bi4Ge3O12 scintillators to provide low background. The two HXIs started observation on March 8 and 14, 2016 and were operational until 26 March. Using a Crab observation, 5 to 80 keV energy coverage and good detection efficiency were confirmed. The detector background level of 1 to 3 × 10-4 counts s?1 keV?1 cm?2 (in detector geometrical area) at 5 to 80 keV was achieved, by cutting the high-background time-intervals, adopting sophisticated energy-dependent imager layer selection, and baffling of the cosmic x-ray background and active-shielding. This level is among the lowest of detectors working in this energy band. By comparing the effective area and the background, it was shown that the HXI had a sensitivity that is same to that of NuSTAR for point sources and 3 to 4 times better for largely extended diffuse sources.

AB - The hard x-ray imaging spectroscopy system of "Hitomi" x-ray observatory is composed of two sets of hard x-ray imagers (HXI) coupled with hard x-ray telescopes (HXT). With a 12-m focal length, the system provides fine (10:7 half-power diameter) imaging spectroscopy covering about 5 to 80 keV. The HXI sensor consists of a camera, which is composed of four layers of Si and one layer of CdTe semiconductor imagers, and an active shield composed of nine Bi4Ge3O12 scintillators to provide low background. The two HXIs started observation on March 8 and 14, 2016 and were operational until 26 March. Using a Crab observation, 5 to 80 keV energy coverage and good detection efficiency were confirmed. The detector background level of 1 to 3 × 10-4 counts s?1 keV?1 cm?2 (in detector geometrical area) at 5 to 80 keV was achieved, by cutting the high-background time-intervals, adopting sophisticated energy-dependent imager layer selection, and baffling of the cosmic x-ray background and active-shielding. This level is among the lowest of detectors working in this energy band. By comparing the effective area and the background, it was shown that the HXI had a sensitivity that is same to that of NuSTAR for point sources and 3 to 4 times better for largely extended diffuse sources.

KW - astronomy.

KW - detectors

KW - gamma rays

KW - satellites

KW - x-rays

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ER -

Hard x-ray imager onboard Hitomi (ASTRO-H)

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