International processes of education policy formation: An analytic framework and the case of plan 2021 in El Salvador

This article uses multiple perspectives to frame international processes of education policy formation and then applies the framework to El Salvador's Plan 2021 between 2003 and 2005. These perspectives are policy attraction, policy negotiation, policy imposition, and policy hybridization. Research reveals that the formation of Plan 2021 was the product of both policy imposition by international actors and policy negotiation by national policy makers. This article further extrapolates three phenomena from the findings on Plan 2021-termed here percolation, reverberation, and structural legitimization- that help to explain the way in which international influence manifests in national education policy formation.