Modeling Li-ion battery charging characteristics with temperature dependence and its application for estimation of over-potential at graphite anode

Improvements in the capabilities of existing lithium-ion batteries are required to increase the performance of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It is important to understand the behavior of the chemical reactions that occur in these batteries and the overvoltage at their electrodes in order to predict deteriorations in their capacity and safety. The plating of lithium metal at low temperatures is a particularly important cause of battery deterioration. This paper describes the development of a pseudo-2D battery model. The thermal properties of the battery used in the model were then expressed as functions of temperature and used to predict its behavior during low-temperature charging. By analyzing the over-voltage, it was shown that the kinetic over-voltage at the anode, which affects lithium metal plating, varies in a complex way under constant current charging conditions. Finally, the model was used in simulations to evaluate a proposed methodology for controlling the C-rate.