Nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition for the prevention of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus

The prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been increasing in both developed and developing countries. Although a modernization of lifestyles represented by westernized diets with high energy, fat, and sugar and low fiber intakes are some of the contributing factors to the T2DM epidemic, genetic factors are also important contributing factors to T2DM. Importantly, several T2DM-associated variants possibly interact with diet to influence T2DM risk. Furthermore, the human gut microbiome has emerged as a key determinant of T2DM development and plays roles in the success of dietary intervention and interpersonal variability in glycemic response to diet. There is considerable heterogeneity in the association of dietary intake with T2DM risk and glycemic traits, which may be partly explained by genetic factors and gut microbiome features. Understanding of the complex interaction among genetic factors, gut microbiome, and diet may contribute to the establishment of genomic information-based personalized nutrition to effectively prevent T2DM.