TY - JOUR
T1 - Suspended sand concentration models under breaking waves
T2 - Evaluation of new and existing formulations
AU - Lim, Gabriel
AU - Jayaratne, Ravindra
AU - Shibayama, Tomoya
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the University of East London (UEL) under the UEL's Excellence PhD Studentships Scheme 2017–18. The authors would like to acknowledge Waseda University as collaborators in this project. Special thanks are given to Joep van der Zanden of the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands for sharing experimental data and invaluable comments and insights for the present manuscript. The authors would like to thank Daniel Cox of Oregon State University and Hyun Doug Yoon of Myongji University for sharing their datasets with the authors. Finally the authors would like to thank Harshinie Karunarathna of Swansea University and the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the University of East London (UEL) under the UEL's Excellence PhD Studentships Scheme 2017?18. The authors would like to acknowledge Waseda University as collaborators in this project. Special thanks are given to Joep van der Zanden of the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands for sharing experimental data and invaluable comments and insights for the present manuscript. The authors would like to thank Daniel Cox of Oregon State University and Hyun Doug Yoon of Myongji University for sharing their datasets with the authors. Finally the authors would like to thank Harshinie Karunarathna of Swansea University and the two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped to improve the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2020/8
Y1 - 2020/8
N2 - A total of 7 reference concentration (C0) models (6 existing and 1 newly proposed) were validated against 119 test cases from 4 recently published datasets collected under the LIP, CROSSTEX, SandT-Pro and SINBAD experimental studies. These models were evaluated for performance in different cross-shore regions: the shoaling zone, breaking (outer surf) zone and inner surf zone, under regular and irregular breaking wave conditions. In almost all existing C0 models, substantial under-prediction was found particularly around the wave plunging point (point at which breaking wave plunges and surface generated turbulent kinetic energy, TKE, is injected into the water column) where strong localised increases in C0 were observed. This strong increase in concentration was attributed to the large-scale breaking-generated turbulent vortices invading the wave bottom boundary layer (WBBL) and entraining dense clouds of sediment near the plunging point. Models that were directly or indirectly driven by local wave climate such as the local wave height (H), breaker height (Hb) or local water depth (d), were found to perform quite poorly in the breaking region under regular and irregular plunging breaker waves. Formulations that related C0 to the sand pickup rate (i.e. depending on exerted bed shear exceeding critical bed shear for entrainment) were adept in regions unaffected by external breaking-induced TKE (e.g. the shoaling zone) but could not account for the high levels of concentration observed at the plunging point. This is because these formulations were based on the implicit assumption that sediment entrainment is only induced by the local TKE generated by bed shear; not taking surface-generated breaking-induced TKE into account. This assumption was addressed in more recent studies, by including breaking-induced TKE into sediment pickup rate or reference concentration formulations. Though latest studies have shown promising relationships between near-bed TKE (kb) and reference concentration/sediment pickup, such formulations also face inherent limitations. These formulations are highly dependent on the accuracy of measured or modelled kb and are also sensitive to the magnitude of kb. For example, the magnitude of measured kb was found to vary by a factor of 1.1–1.3 between regular and irregular wave conditions, with kb being smaller under irregular wave conditions. This resulted in varied performance between datasets in kb-driven reference concentration formulations. The Froude-scaled TKE produced smaller deviations in magnitude of TKE between datasets, suggesting that it may be a more suitable driving parameter for reference concentration models than kb. A new reference concentration model, L19, was empirically derived from an inverse relationship observed between d and C0, and from the roller energy dissipation rate. The newly proposed L19 model shows good agreement with measured C0 (with RMSE ranging between 0.36 and 1.79 kg/m3 over the different datasets) in regular and irregular wave conditions, even at the plunging point where concentration is highest. The modified concentration profile [C(z)] equation also performs well, generally capturing the vertical concentration profile accurately throughout the whole water column.
AB - A total of 7 reference concentration (C0) models (6 existing and 1 newly proposed) were validated against 119 test cases from 4 recently published datasets collected under the LIP, CROSSTEX, SandT-Pro and SINBAD experimental studies. These models were evaluated for performance in different cross-shore regions: the shoaling zone, breaking (outer surf) zone and inner surf zone, under regular and irregular breaking wave conditions. In almost all existing C0 models, substantial under-prediction was found particularly around the wave plunging point (point at which breaking wave plunges and surface generated turbulent kinetic energy, TKE, is injected into the water column) where strong localised increases in C0 were observed. This strong increase in concentration was attributed to the large-scale breaking-generated turbulent vortices invading the wave bottom boundary layer (WBBL) and entraining dense clouds of sediment near the plunging point. Models that were directly or indirectly driven by local wave climate such as the local wave height (H), breaker height (Hb) or local water depth (d), were found to perform quite poorly in the breaking region under regular and irregular plunging breaker waves. Formulations that related C0 to the sand pickup rate (i.e. depending on exerted bed shear exceeding critical bed shear for entrainment) were adept in regions unaffected by external breaking-induced TKE (e.g. the shoaling zone) but could not account for the high levels of concentration observed at the plunging point. This is because these formulations were based on the implicit assumption that sediment entrainment is only induced by the local TKE generated by bed shear; not taking surface-generated breaking-induced TKE into account. This assumption was addressed in more recent studies, by including breaking-induced TKE into sediment pickup rate or reference concentration formulations. Though latest studies have shown promising relationships between near-bed TKE (kb) and reference concentration/sediment pickup, such formulations also face inherent limitations. These formulations are highly dependent on the accuracy of measured or modelled kb and are also sensitive to the magnitude of kb. For example, the magnitude of measured kb was found to vary by a factor of 1.1–1.3 between regular and irregular wave conditions, with kb being smaller under irregular wave conditions. This resulted in varied performance between datasets in kb-driven reference concentration formulations. The Froude-scaled TKE produced smaller deviations in magnitude of TKE between datasets, suggesting that it may be a more suitable driving parameter for reference concentration models than kb. A new reference concentration model, L19, was empirically derived from an inverse relationship observed between d and C0, and from the roller energy dissipation rate. The newly proposed L19 model shows good agreement with measured C0 (with RMSE ranging between 0.36 and 1.79 kg/m3 over the different datasets) in regular and irregular wave conditions, even at the plunging point where concentration is highest. The modified concentration profile [C(z)] equation also performs well, generally capturing the vertical concentration profile accurately throughout the whole water column.
KW - Breaking waves
KW - Concentration Profile
KW - Near-shore
KW - Reference concentration
KW - Suspended sand concentration
KW - Turbulent kinetic energy
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U2 - 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106197
DO - 10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106197
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85085236823
VL - 426
JO - Marine Geology
JF - Marine Geology
SN - 0025-3227
M1 - 106197
ER -