# Neural network with unbounded activation functions is universal approximator

Sho Sonoda*, Noboru Murata

*この研究の対応する著者

103 被引用数 (Scopus)

## 抄録

This paper presents an investigation of the approximation property of neural networks with unbounded activation functions, such as the rectified linear unit (ReLU), which is the new de-facto standard of deep learning. The ReLU network can be analyzed by the ridgelet transform with respect to Lizorkin distributions. By showing three reconstruction formulas by using the Fourier slice theorem, the Radon transform, and Parseval's relation, it is shown that a neural network with unbounded activation functions still satisfies the universal approximation property. As an additional consequence, the ridgelet transform, or the backprojection filter in the Radon domain, is what the network learns after backpropagation. Subject to a constructive admissibility condition, the trained network can be obtained by simply discretizing the ridgelet transform, without backpropagation. Numerical examples not only support the consistency of the admissibility condition but also imply that some non-admissible cases result in low-pass filtering.

本文言語 English 233-268 36 Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 43 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2015.12.005 Published - 2017 9月

• 応用数学

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