TY - CHAP
T1 - The effects of high-altitude exposure on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
AU - Radak, Zsolt
AU - Acs, Zoltan
AU - Bori, Zoltan
AU - Taylor, Albert W.
AU - Yang, Hu
N1 - Funding Information:
tThrise search was supported by the National t글nstituoten Drug abuse grant RO I DA021 182 (Tapert), and the National lnstitute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grants RO I AA 13419 (Tapert) and RO I AA I I033 (Brown). The authors thank Christina Burke, Erick Cheung, Laura Lemmon, M.J. Meloy, and Ann Park for their assistance with data collection and processing for this project. This work served as partial fulfillment of the doctoral dissertation requirements of the first author for the UCSD Department of Psychology. *Associate Research Scientist, Yale University Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT. **Assistant Clinical Ptofessort⤃Ylale Univet?sity Department of Psychiatry; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.
Publisher Copyright:
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014. All rights are reserved.
PY - 2014/5/1
Y1 - 2014/5/1
N2 - High-altitude exposure that results in decreased levels of oxygen pressure, which could lead to hypoxia, can activate a number of sources that can generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Enhanced formation of RONS causes oxidative damage, which impacts cellular function and could seriously impair organ function. In addition, high altitude appears to weaken the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems. Indeed, recent data suggest that the expression of Mn-SOD in skeletal muscle of mountaineers, who stayed for more than 6 weeks above 6,000 m, decreased significantly 1 week after leaving that altitude. Moreover, the expression of Ku70, which plays an important role in DNA repair, increased after exposure to high altitude, indicating increased DNA damage. Therefore, it appears that increased nutritional uptake of antioxidant vitamins reduce altitude-induced oxidative damage. The pattern of high-altitude exposure-associated oxidative damage is similar to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The adaptive process for this oxidative challenge is relatively long, and physical exercise or enhanced levels of physical activity at high altitude exacerbate the extent of the oxidative challenge. Therefore, special attention must be given to any and all processes which modulate the degree of oxidative stress.
AB - High-altitude exposure that results in decreased levels of oxygen pressure, which could lead to hypoxia, can activate a number of sources that can generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Enhanced formation of RONS causes oxidative damage, which impacts cellular function and could seriously impair organ function. In addition, high altitude appears to weaken the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems. Indeed, recent data suggest that the expression of Mn-SOD in skeletal muscle of mountaineers, who stayed for more than 6 weeks above 6,000 m, decreased significantly 1 week after leaving that altitude. Moreover, the expression of Ku70, which plays an important role in DNA repair, increased after exposure to high altitude, indicating increased DNA damage. Therefore, it appears that increased nutritional uptake of antioxidant vitamins reduce altitude-induced oxidative damage. The pattern of high-altitude exposure-associated oxidative damage is similar to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The adaptive process for this oxidative challenge is relatively long, and physical exercise or enhanced levels of physical activity at high altitude exacerbate the extent of the oxidative challenge. Therefore, special attention must be given to any and all processes which modulate the degree of oxidative stress.
KW - Acute mountain sickness
KW - Antioxidants
KW - High altitude
KW - Oxidative damage
KW - Oxidative stress
KW - Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
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U2 - 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_28
DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-30018-9_28
M3 - Chapter
AN - SCOPUS:84949176526
SN - 3642300170
SN - 9783642300172
VL - 9783642300189
SP - 407
EP - 416
BT - Systems Biology of Free Radicals and Antioxidants
PB - Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
ER -